5 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations

Being able to balance chemical equations is a vital skill for chemistry. Heres a look at the steps involved in balancing equations, plus a worked example of how to balance an equation. Steps of Balancing a Chemical Equation Identify each element found in the equation. The number of atoms of each type of atom must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.What is the net charge on each side of the equation? The net charge must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.If possible, start with an element found in one compound on each side of the equation. Change the coefficients (the numbers in front of the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of the element is the same on each side of the equation. Remember, to balance an equation, you change the coefficients, not the subscripts in the formulas.Once you have balanced one element, do the same thing with another element. Proceed until all elements have been balanced. Its easiest to leave elements found in pure form for last.Check your work to make certain the charge on both sides of the equation is also balanced. Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation ? CH4 ? O2 → ? CO2 ? H2O Identify the elements in the equation: C, H, OIdentify the net charge: no net charge, which makes this one easy! H is found in CH4 and H2O, so its a good starting element.You have 4 H in CH4 yet only 2 H in H2O, so you need to double the coefficient of H2O to balance H.1 CH4 ? O2 → ? CO2 2 H2OLooking at carbon, you can see that CH4 and CO2 must have the same coefficient.1 CH4 ? O2 → 1 CO2 2 H2OFinally, determine the O coefficient. You can see you need to double the O2 coefficient in order to get 4 O seen on the product side of the reaction.1 CH4 2 O2 → 1 CO2 2 H2OCheck your work. Its standard to drop a coefficient of 1, so the final balanced equation would be written:CH4 2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O Take a quiz to see if you understand how to balance simple chemical equations. How to Balance a Chemical Equation for a Redox Reaction Once you understand how to balance an equation in terms of mass, youre ready to learn how to balance an equation for both mass and charge. Reduction/oxidation or redox reactions and acid-base reactions often involve charged species. Balancing for charge means you have the same net charge on both the reactant and product side of the equation. This isnt always zero! Heres an example of how to balance the reaction between potassium permanganate and iodide ion in aqueous sulfuric acid to form potassium iodide and manganese(II) sulfate. This is a typical acid reaction. First, write the unbalanced chemical equation:KMnO4  Ã‚  KI  Ã‚  H2SO4  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  I2  Ã‚  MnSO4Write down the oxidation numbers for each type of atom on both sides of the equation:Left hand side: K 1; Mn 7; O -2; I 0; H 1; S 6Right hand side: I 0; Mn 2, S 6; O -2Find the atoms that experience a change in oxidation number:Mn: 7 → 2; I: 1 → 0Write a skeleton ionic equation that only covers the atoms that change oxidation number:MnO4- → Mn2I- → I2Balance all of the atoms besides the oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) in the half-reactions:MnO4- → Mn22I- → I2Now add O and H2O as needed to balance oxygen:MnO4- → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2Balance the hydrogen by adding H as needed:MnO4- 8H → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2Now, balance charge by adding electrons as needed. In this example, the first half-reaction has a charge of 7 on the left and 2 on the right. Add 5 electrons to the left to balance the charge. The second half-re action has 2- on the left and 0 on the right. Add 2 electrons to the right.MnO4- 8H 5e- → Mn2 4H2O2I- → I2 2e-Multiply the two half-reactions by the number that yields the lowest common number of electrons in each half-reaction. For this example, the lowest multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 5:2 x [MnO4- 8H 5e- → Mn2 4H2O]5 x [2I- → I2 2e-]Add together the two half-reactions and cancel out species that appear on each side of the equation:2MnO4- 10I- 16H → 2Mn2 5I2 8H2O Now, its a good idea to check your work by making sure the atoms and charge are balanced: Left hand side:  2 Mn; 8 O; 10 I; 16 HRight hand side:  2 Mn; 10 I; 16 H; 8 O Left hand side:  Ã¢Ë†â€™2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  10  16  Ã‚  4Right hand side:  4

Ethical Ethics And Ethical Issues - 1311 Words

This book provides readers with an in-depth analysis of ethical theories, legal and ethical issues which gives them an opportunity to practice real life ethical issues that are frequently complex and thought provoking. Readers are further implored to examine their personal, moral and ethical value systems and codes they work from in an attempt to assist them in developing an informed ethical conscience for making sound moral and ethical judgments. The author presents ethical dilemmas throughout the book which readers are encouraged to work through. The book is comprised of 14 chapters which are subdivided into three parts with respective part titles being: ethical issues and codes; theoretical orientations to ethics and; legal and ethical issues. Each chapter is supplemented with a summary and questions for additional reflection and thought and using theory for concrete ethical judgments sections. The book concludes with an epilogue, references and appendixes section which outlines t he differing existing codes of ethics. Author’s Background and Credentials: Stephen J. Freeman is a professor of Counseling and Chair of the Department of Counselor Education at California State University, Sacramento. Stephen Freeman has served on the graduate faculty at Texas Woman’s University for 18 years where he was the Coordinator of the Counseling and Development Program. He also maintained a private practice in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. Stephen Freeman is an author of three books whereShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues in organizations are inevitable and are always on the horizon. These ethical concerns can directly impact the overall health of an organization in both positive and negative aspects. 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RYAN SWANSON Essay Example For Students

RYAN SWANSON Essay 2-1-992HR. HISTORYAL CAPONEAl Capone was the fourth of nine children. Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899. His parents were both native to Italy. His fathers name was Gabriele Capone and his mothers name was Teresina Raiola. His father worked as a barber and his mother was a seamstress. Al Capone joined a gang when he was a teenager. There were a few signs that the Capone boys were going to be gangsters. Al Capones introduction into the criminal way of things came through Johnny Torrio. Al would run errands for Torrio to earn money. Torrio became a mentor to Capone. Johnny showed Al how to make a fortune without always using force. At this point in Al Capones life he still had no intention of leading a criminal life. Al Capone was married to Mary Coughlin on December 13, 1918. He met Mary in his own neighborhood. She was better known as Mae. On December 4, 1918, Mae gave birth to Albert Francis Capone, soon known as Sonny. Sonny had many physical problems as a child and later developed hearing problems. They believe that his illness was caused by congenital syphilis that he had contracted from his father. Despite all of Sonnys illnesses his father still cared for him. Al Capone started his career as a gangster in order to better provide for his family. Al Capone and his wife moved to Baltimore where Al landed a job as a bookkeeper for a construction company.It was two years before Capone decided to change careers. Al Capone and family moved back to New York in November of 1920. His father had died of a heart attack and Al was returning for the funeral when he decided to stay in New York. He was reunited with Torrio. In 1921, Al Capone moved to Chicago with his employer, Johnny Torrio, to launch his new career. Al Capone went on to become the most famous gangster of all time. Herbert Hoover had ordered a crackdown on all gangsters, but mainly it was for Scarface Al Capone.

The River Rouge Manufacturing Complex. Essays -

The River Rouge Manufacturing Complex. The first piece of material I gathered was a picture via the internet. This picture is of the River Rouge assembly plant in Dearborn, Michigan. This picture shows the manufacturing of the fender for a Ford Motor Company product. It also shows the facilities of the Rouge plant and how the plant it self was state of the art. This plant was the largest of its kind at the time of its construction. The Ford Motor Company at the time was one of the leaders in labor relations. This picture shows the size of the plant as well as the working conditions in the facility. When viewing the photograph you can see the array of pipes and collection devices to aid in the circulation of air and the collection of dust and other by products made in the plant. The next component I found is another picture of the interior of the Rouge plant. This picture is one of many conveyer belts in the plant. This belt is moving engine parts from the engine assembly to the final assembly. Henry Ford was a pioneer in the use of the assembly line in the automobile industry, and the Rouge plant was the ultimate in that use of the assembly line. This photo shows the depth of the plant, being able to manufacture all components of the cars without having to ship parts to or from other locations in the country. The next collection of photographs is of the exterior of the Rouge plant. These photos were obtained from the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. These pictures are of the Rouge during the switch of all production, from the Highland Park plant, to the Rouge. It was also the time that the Model A was beginning production. This collection shows examples of four exterior views of the plant, allude to the many different factories within the Rouge plant. The Rouge was a steel mill, a foundry, a power producer and, an assembly line. This all encompassing idea helped ford relegate all aspects of the production of their product. Along with the exterior, the interior showed the extent of the all encompassing Rouge plant. The interior photographs, which were also care of the Henry Ford Museum, show more factories within the factory. For example, the four photos in this collection display metal forming, and metallurgical operations. These pictures included forging, the blast furnaces, removal of slag and, even salvaging scrap from metal ships. The interior had two collections to view and the second reaffirmed what the first portrayed. The second collection displays more metal working production including the hydraulic shear, which was used for sheet metal, the open hearth ladle and the hearth building. These photos gave an impressive direction of the inner workings of the Rouge plant. As said before the Rouge was the largest manufacturing complex in the nation when it was built. An aerial photograph of the plant reaffirms that fact. The photo was taken in 1930 and you can see by the photo the plant is very impressive. The caption that accompanies the picture gives an actual figure of the Rouge's square footage, the total is 6,952,484 square feet. Before the Rouge plant Ford's main manufacturing plant was Highland Park. The Rouge and Highland Park were similar in the way of utilizing the assembly line to produce the Ford product. Many collections of photos were found of the assembly line at Highland. One collection shows the final mating of the model T, which is similar to the final mating of the model A . Also the one day production of the Highland Park plant, which was dwarfed by the Rouge one day production total. The next collection of Highland Park photos displays the typical procedures in installing components to the automobile. Each of the four pictures shows the installation to the car. From the engine to the tires the same principles that were used at Highland Park were used at the Rouge plant. The final piece of material that was compiled through the search of the Internet and other sources was the National Historic Landmark of Michigan web page. This page has a link to an informational page on the Rouge plant. The plant is listed as a national landmark since 1978 and a Michigan landmark since 1976. Also listed on the site is the date the property was bought by Henry Ford and, the date all production was shifted from Highland Park to the Rouge complex. A significant statement is given about the Rouge on

The Hudson River and PCB Pollution essays

The Hudson River and PCB Pollution essays The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery in Manhattan, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and reaches its widest point of 3 miles across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most beautiful and scenic of the Tri-State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New Yorks most polluted river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600s, when Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an exploration of the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this was no Atlantic-to-Pacific passage but an Edenlike place of awesome potential-a river valley teeming with prospect and spirit that was worth fighting for. In the centuries that followed, the fight for the river and its commerce never stopped, and still continues to the present. Then during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of hu lking manufacturing plants on the riverbanks, everything changed. The river became a sewer, cut off from the people around it by the electrification of the railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal instantly opened trade to the Midwest by linking Troy to Buffalo and established the Hudson River as the major commerce channel for New York City. Tycoons transformed the landscape in New York and across the country with the railroad, and the Hudson River valley became a hotbed for iron mining, limestone quarrying and clear-cutting. Toward the 19th century, when dynamite blasting was reducing the face of the Palisades to rubble, conservationists became alarmed that something was being lost to progress. In 1900, New York and New Jersey established the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to preserve the cliffs from further quarrying. Although conservation efforts continued into the 20th century, t...

Guillermo furniture store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Guillermo furniture store - Essay Example One of the options available to Guillermo in order to deal with the competition is to go high tech. However, one will have to consider whether there is a demand for these furniture that will make the use of robots feasible. As indicated in the case investing in robots and expanding the production facility is a very capital intensive exercise and therefore the volume required to make the project feasible is very important. Guillermo is currently producing 2,532 units of the Mid-Grade furniture and 506 units of the High-End furniture. If he goes hi-tech he can increase both by 50% to 3798 units of Mid-Grade and 759 units of High-End. Producing is one challenge but getting the items sold is another challenge. In order to determine whether this project is feasible a sensitivity analysis and an evaluation using net present value will be carried out. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis performed using the information in the spreadsheet indicates that this project will not yield any p ositive returns (when combined with the current high-End operations) if production levels are not at least 14.2% above current levels. At 14.2% above current levels Guillermo would be producing 2892 units of Mid-Grade and 578 units of High-End furniture. See Appendix 1 for results. Broker Another option open to Guillermo is to become a distributor in North America for a Norwegian company. This project will involve an expansion in the facility to accommodate the increased production. It will also involve the use of robots. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis using the information given in the excel spreadsheet indicates that Guillermo would not be able to yield any profits on being a Broker if the level of sales is not at least 38.3% above current production levels. See Appendix 1 for details. Therefore, this project will not be able to withstand any large fluctuations in demand. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) The formula for calculating WACC is as follows: WACC = E/(D+E)re + D/(D+E) (1-T)rd = (1-L)re + L(1-T)rd Where, E is shareholders’ equity D is debt T is the tax rate L is leverage re is the cost of shareholders funds, for which ROE is used in this question ROE = (profit after tax/shareholders’ funds) x100% = 24,695/235805 x 100% = 10.5% rd is the cost of debt, for which the interest rate on the building financed 12 years ago is adjusted for a 3% per annum rate of inflation = 10..4% Leverage = D/(D + E) Leverage = 936,628/1,172,433 = 0.8 Therefore, L = 0.8 and (1-L) = 0.2 WACC = 0.2 x 10.5 + 0.8 + (1 – 0.42)10.4 = 2% + 5% = 7% This is the current WACC and is the lowest return expected. Therefore, it will be used to calculate the NPV Evaluation Techniques Emery et al (2007) states that: â€Å"when making capital budgeting decisions, a firm evaluates the expected future cash flows in relation to the required initial investment. The objective is to find investment projects that will add value to the firm.† The rol e of management is to analyze each option to determine which method would result in more profits and therefore yield more benefits for the company. There are a number of techniques available to determine which project is more feasible. These techniques include payback period, accounting rate of return (ARR), net present values (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The two options available to Guillermo can be assessed using these techniques. Payback Period The payback period indicates the length of time that the project takes to recover the initial investment (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2005). This method is biased towards short term projects. â€Å"Investments with longer payback periods are often more risky than those with shorter payback periods. This is because the shorter the payback period, the lower the risk that market conditions can render the initial inv

Analysis of Biology Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Analysis of Biology Questions - Assignment Example    Living organisms live together and share different resources including food, shelter, air, water and many more. In a given environment, some organisms may survive while others may not be able to survive at all depending on how well the organism is adapted to the environment. In general, life is all about competition, and only the fit survive. Natural selection occurs under the following four conditions. First, there has to be a variation among individuals in a species such that some traits give a given species an advantage over the other to survive in an environment. Secondly, some of the variations should be genetic, such that the offspring inherit them from their parents. Thirdly, for natural selection to come in play, it is assumed that not every organism survives or reproduces, some will die and others are not fertile and thus can`t reproduce. Finally, reproduction should be guaranteed so that the organisms do not become extinct. 1. Carl Woese, an American biologist, grouped life on earth into three domains, Bacteria, Eukaryote, and Archaea. Archaea-like crenarchaeota are prokaryotes with specialized membrane and can survive in very salty and extremely hot environments. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells like proteobacteria and cyanobacteria. Eukaryotes are eukaryotic cells into which kingdom Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista are grouped. 2. The scientific theory is a statement that explains the observed natural phenomenon, basing on scientific evidence, for example, the atomic theory of matter. On the other hand, scientific law, are mathematical in nature and are in most cases derived from a principle, they may not be generalized, and they apply under specific conditions, for example, Ohms law.